Emerging countries are increasingly concerned with improving their competitiveness and productivity. This Element develops a robust econometric methodology, based on controlling for usual unobservable effects at the firm or plant level. By robust empirical results in total factor productivity (TFP), we mean estimating investment climate (IC) elasticities, or semi-elasticities, with equal signs and similar magnitudes for more than ten different competing TFP measures. The key to achieving similar empirical results for several TFP measures is to avoid having the problem of omitted variables, achieved through imputation of large proportions of missing observations in relevant variables (i.e., the capital stock). Furthermore, through the use of a new concept of aggregate TFP (TFPIC), which measures the associated IC effects on firms' TFP, we are able to make meaningful cross-country firm-level productivity comparisons, avoiding the usual problem of comparing apples with oranges that would otherwise occur if we directly compare country's TFP measurements.