Historical sketches were prepared by leading scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences and are dedicated to the stage of the foundation and development of the monetary circulation system in Russia, from the first Russian monetary-weight systems down to the Mongolian period immediately prior to the establishment of the monetary system of the Russian Federation. Special attention has been given to the milestone of the transformation of the financial-economic system of the country - the period of establishment and development of the Russian Empire, from the moment Peter I held his monetary reforms in the first quarter of the XVIIth century, right down to the formation of the credit-financial structures in the second half of XlXth century, and the establishment of the first State Bank of Russia. Monetary circulation of the Modern History is presented in sections relating to the periods of the First World War and the Civil War, and the post-war stabilization of the monetary circulation during the first quarter of the XXth century. This research includes the financial-economic history of the Soviet Era, as well as that of the era of Perestroika and the financial reforms of our present day.